SARAJEVO

Sarajevo je glavni grad Bosne i Hercegovine i njen najveći urbani, kulturni, ekonomski i prometni centar, glavni grad Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine i sjedište Sarajevskog kantona, koje prema procjenama ima 429,672 stanovnika. Kroz grad protiče rijeka Miljacka, a u neposrednoj blizini grada je i izvorište rijeke Bosne, sa popularnim izletištem Sarajlija, Vrelom Bosne. Oko grada su i Olimpijske planine: Jahorina, Bjelašnica, Igman, Treskavica, te brdo Trebević, koji su posebno tokom zimskih mjeseci omiljena destinacija ne samo Sarajlija, nego i njihovih gostiju iz cijeloga svijeta.

Grad Sarajevo sjedište je najveće visokoškolske ustanove u zemlji, Univerziteta Sarajevo, te niza drugih visokoškolskih ustanova, čime se svrstava u red najvećih univerzitetskih centara u cijeloj regiji Jugoistočne Evrope. Uz nekoliko nacionalnih i gradskih teatarskih kuća, muzeja i kulturnih institucija Sarajevo je i važno mjesto na kulturnoj mapi ovog dijela evropskog kontinenta. Svake je godine grad na rijeci Miljacki domaćin niza kulturnih festivala internacionalnog karaktera, među kojima su najznačajniji: Sarajevski filmski festival (SFF), Sarajevski jazz festival, ljetni kulturni festival "Baščaršijske noći", teatarski festival novih produkcija "MESS", "Sarajevska zima" i Svjetski televizijski festival orijentalne muzike.

Urbanu sliku grada karakteriziraju brojni sakralni objekti, jedinstvene džamije iz bogatog osmanskog perioda, katoličke i pravoslavne crkve, sinagoga i drugi brojni tragovi multietničkog življenja u samom srcu grada.

Sarajevo je grad burne historije, koja je nerijetko imala uticaja i na globalna dešavanja. Tako je 1914. godine u Sarajevu ubijen austrougarski prijestolonasljednik Franz Ferdinand, čime je otpočeo Prvi svjetski rat, a sedamdeset godina kasnije, 1984. godine u gradu se održavaju neviđene igre mira i prijateljstva, 14. Zimske olimpijske igre. Tokom ranih 1990-ih godina ime grada Sarajeva ne silazi s naslovnica dnevnih novina u cijelome svijetu, jer se tu, u srcu Evrope, vodi jedan od najkrvavijih ratova u novijoj evropskoj i svjetskoj historiji. Grad je 1.425 dana bio pod stalnom opsadom srpskih snaga, koje su nemilice pucali i granatirali sa okolnih planina. U napadima je 10.615 ljudi izgubilo život, od toga 1.601 djece, a skoro 50.000 Sarajlija bilo je povrijeđeno.

Sliku Sarajeva u novom mileniju obilježava polagana, ali sigurna obnova civilnog života i opća normalizacija jedne od najperspektivnijih mladih metropola nove Evrope.

Geografija

Sarajevo se nalazi u samom geografskom središtu Bosne i Hercegovine i zaprema površinu od 142 km². Smješten je u kompozitnoj Sarajevskoj kotlini koja se pruža od istoka prema zapadu, u plodnom Sarajevskom polju. I dok su centralni dijelovi grada uglavnom smješteni u nizini Sarajevskog polja, najvažnija gradska predgrađa nalaze se na padinama okolnih brijegova i brda. Kroz grad od istoka prema zapadu protiče rijeka Miljacka, koja nastaje od nekoliko vrela u podnožju planina Romanije i Jahorine. U zapadnom dijelu Sarajevskog polja, na području prigradskog naselja Ilidža, nastaje i jedna od najvećih rijeka u Bosni i Hercegovini, rijeka Bosna, koja nastaje od tridesetak manjih izvora u podnožju planine Igman, stvarajući jedinstven park prirode - Vrelo Bosne, omiljeno izletište Sarajlija.

Centar grada Sarajeva leži na nadmorskoj visini od 511 metara iznad površine mora, dok viši dijelovi grada i prigradska naselja na padinama okolnih planina leže na prosječnoj nadmorskoj visini od 900 metara nad morem. Grad okružuju olimpijske planine jedinstvene ljepote koje dosežu i 2000 metara visine: Bjelašnica, Jahorina, Igman, Treskavica i Trebević

Historija
Sebilj na BaščaršijiPočetkom 15. vijeka na raskrsnici rimskih puteva udareni su temelji grada Sarajeva. Osnivačem Sarajeva smatra se Isa-beg Ishaković, koji je prvi sagradio džamiju, dvor, most i nekoliko javnih ustanova. Ali, grad su ustvari izgradili starosjedioci ovih prostora - Bošnjaci od kojih su mnogi već tada primili islam, vjeru koja je stigla s osmanskom vojskom i njenom upravom.

Intenzivni razvoj zanatstva i trgovine brzo su od Sarajeva stvorili bogat grad, raskrsnicu religija i kultura, trgovačkih puteva i putnika. U 16. vijeku to je bio jedan od najbogatijih gradova u ovom dijelu Evrope, kada su izgrađene i neke kapitalne građevine koje i danas predstavljaju bisere arhitekture i civilizacije tog doba. Tada je u Sarajevu, kao zadužbina Gazi Husrev-bega otvorena i Visoka škola, koja je gotovo u svemu podsjećala na univerzitete u drugim velikim gradovima Evrope.

U grad se doseljavaju Jevreji poslije izgona iz Španije, grade svoje sinagoge, a istovremeno nastaju i pravoslavne i katoličke crkve odnosno katedrale. Kao nijedan grad u Evropi, Sarajevo je na tako malom prostoru našlo mjesta za sve četiri velike svjetske religije, kulture i civilizacije, koje oni nose. Dugotrajni suživot je stvorio nove vrijednosti, jednu posebnu kulturnu i multinacionalnu civilizaciju, koja je izdržala mnogo historijskih izazova.

Tramvaj se prvi put upotrebljava u Evropi, u Sarajevu, 1885. godine.1878. dolaskom Austro-Ugarske uprave na ove prostore Sarajevo pored svog orijentalnog lica dobiva i drugo, evropsko lice. Time Sarajevo još jednom dokazuje da Evropi ne pripada samo prostorno i vremenski, nego i na civilizacijsko-kulturni način. Austro-ugarski period je vrijeme snažnog prodiranja srednjoevropske kulture, načina privređivanja, običaja i drugih civilizacijskih vrijednosti. Grad dobiva savremena industrijska postrojenja, fabrike, a brojne škole zapadnog tipa i kulturne institucije obogaćuju glavni grad Bosne i Hercegovine civilizacijsko-kulturnim vrijednostima za sva vremena. U ovo se vrijeme otvara i Zemaljski muzej, jedna od najznačajnijih institucija takve vrste u ovom dijelu Evrope.

Poslije Prvog svjetskog rata, koji je otpočeo atentatom na austrijskog prijestolonasljednika Franza Ferdinanda u Sarajevu, grad ulazi u sastav jugoslavenskih državnih zajednica: Kraljevine SHS, a potom i Kraljevine Jugoslavije. Sarajevo je izloženo snažnim uticajima Beograda, pa ipak ostaje uglavnom na margini interesa tadašnjeg režima i dinastije Karađorđevića. Arhitektonska slika grada ostaje gotovo nepromijenjena, industrija nazaduje, društvena nezadovoljstva radnika rastu, tako da se može reći da Sarajevo kao grad između dva svjetska rata uglavnom stagnira i nazaduje. Iza Drugog svjetskog rata Sarajevo polako prosperira i postaje upravni, kulturni i ekonomski centar Bosne i Hercegovine, jedne od ukupno šest republika socijalističke Jugoslavije. U gradu se razvija industrija, ekonomija, a školstvo i kultura čine ga metropolom i glavnim gradom u ovom dijelu zemlje. U taj period spada i osnivanje Univerziteta, Akademije nauka i umjetnosti, brojnih muzeja i galerija, naučnih instituticija, radio-televizije. Broj stanovnika grada raste na više od 500.000. Takvom kosmopolitskom i modernom gradu svijet povjerava organizaciju XIV Zimskih olimpijskih igara, koje su sa velikim uspjehom i održane 1984.

Društvene i političke promjene u ovom dijelu tadašnje Jugoslavije dovele su 1992. Predsjednik predsjednistva Bosne i Hercegovine Alija Izetbegovic, raspisao je gradjanski referendum u prkos prijetnjama iz vana i iznutra. To je dovelo do stvaranja nezavisne i suverene države Bosne i Hercegovine. To je bio neodoljiv izazov za nacionalističke i velikodržavne projekte susjednih zemalja Srbije i Hrvatske, koje su, svaka na svoj način, pokušale da prisvoje dio teritorija Bosne i Hercegovine. Uslijedila je neviđena vojna agresija na cijelu zemlju, a posebno na njen glavni grad, Sarajevo. Vojna agresija JNA i srpskih vojnih formacija, kasnije Hrvatske vojske i hrvatskih vojnih formacija, imala je za cilj uništavanje visokih civilizacijskih vrijednosti i tekovina multikulturalnog društva, koje su na ovom prostoru stvarane vijekovima, te istrjebljenje svih onih naroda koji nisu odgovarali u mononacionalnu kompoziciju velikodržavnih projekata. Sam grad Sarajevo, koji je pod fizičkom blokadom gotovo 3,5 godine, neprestanim vojnim akcijama agresora je pretrpio ogromna materijalna razaranja i brojne ljudske gubitke. U snajperskoj i artiljerijskog kampanji velikosrpskih snaga ubijeno je 10.615 ljudi, među kojima je bilo 1.601 djece, a skoro 50.000 Sarajlija bilo je ranjeno. Spaljena je gradska Vijećnica, a gotovo svi kulturno-historijski i stambeni objekti u gradu su oštećeni, među kojima i brojni vjerski i sakralni objekti.

Titova ulica zimiIpak, i pored miliona granata bačenih na grad-heroj, agresor nije postigao svoj cilj: Seher Sarajevo je sačuvalo one civilizacijske vrijednosti koje su ga činile jedinstvenim kosmopolitskim centrom u samome srcu Evrope.

Posebno mjesto u gradu Seher Sarajevu zauzima i Sehidsko mezarje Kovaci, mjesto na kojem su ukopani mnogi najbolji sinovi koje je grad ikada imao. Na mezarju Kovaci, medju ostalim Sehidima je ukopan i prvi predsjednik nezavisne i suverene BiH rahmetli Alija Izetbegovic, koji je po svojoj zelji ukopan rame uz rame sa ostalim borcima za civilizacijeske vrijednosti!

Politika

Grad Sarajevo se sastoji od četiri gradske općine: Stari Grad, Centar, Novo Sarajevo i Novi Grad, a zajedno sa susjednim općinama čini Kanton Sarajevo, koji je u sastavu Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine.

Grad Sarajevo prije agresije na Bosnu i Hercegovinu činilo je deset općina: Centar, Hadžići, Ilidža, Ilijaš, Novi Grad, Novo Sarajevo, Pale, Stari Grad, Trnovo i Vogošća.

Nakon potpisivanja Daytonskog mirovnog sporazuma i reintengracije pojedinih naselja, nastaje Kanton Sarajevo, unutar kog se formira Grad Sarajevo od četiri općine.

Sa druge strane općina Pale i Trnovo, te neka naselja koja su ostala u Republici Srpskoj kao Kasindo, Lukavica, Hreša itd. čine grad Istočno Sarajevo. Istočno Sarajevo se do odluke Ustavnog suda o neustavnosti naziva zvalo Srpsko Sarajevo. Zvanično Istočno Sarajevo čine: Istočni Stari Grad, Istočna Ilidža, Istočno Novo Sarajevo, Pale, Trnovo RS, Sokolac i Rogatica. Banjaluka je glavni grad Republike Srpske.

Stanovništvo

Broj stanovnika u Sarajevu se vidljivo povećava; 1910. godine Sarajevo je imalo 57040 stanovnika, 1931. godine 78180, a 1961. 143120 stanovnika, naprema 401118 stanovnika u decembru 2002. godine.

Po posljednjem službenom popisu stanovništva iz 1991. godine, Grad Sarajevo (područje svih deset općina) imalo je 527.049 stanovnika.(Bošnjaci - 259.470 (49,23%), Srbi - 157.143 (29,81%), Hrvati - 34.873 (6,61%), Jugoslaveni - 56.470 (10,71%) i ostali, neopredijeljeni i nepoznato - 19.093 (3,62%)).

Naseljeno mjesto Sarajevo, imalo je po istom popisu 416.497 stanovnika. Ostalih 110.552 stanovnika živjelo je u 335 naseljenih mjesta, u 10 općina.

Religija
Konfesionalna slika Sarajeva je jedinstvena u Evropi, a zbog njene raznolikosti grad se nerijetko poredi sa Jerusalemom i New Yorkom. Sarajevo je sjedište Reisu-l-uleme, poglavara muslimana u Bosni i Hercegovini, sjedište dabrobosanske Mitropolije pravoslavne crkve te sjedište Vrhbosanske nadbiskupije Rimokatoličke crkve u Bosni i Hercegovini.

Urbanu sliku grada krase sakralni objekti četiri najvažnije svjetske konfesije. Brojne džamije, crkve, katedrala, sinagoga, te ostali značajni vjerski objekti nalaze se u samom centru grada Sarajeva, smještene tek stotinjak metara jedne od drugih.

Ekonomija

Holiday Inn, Sarajevo, 1983, arhitekta Ivan Štraus. Karakteristična boja i lokacija je zgradu učinila vrlo važnom.Nakon decenija komunizma i godina rata, ekonomija Sarajeva je postala predmet rekonstrukcije i rehabilitacije.[2] Među brojnim ekonomskim znakovima, Centralna banka Bosne i Hercegovine je otvorena u Sarajevu u 1997. godini i Sarajevska berza je počela sa radom u 2002. Velika gradska baza proizvodnje, administracije i turizma, kombinirana sa velikim informalnim tržištem,[3] čini grad najvećim ekonomskim regionom Bosne i Hercegovine.

Iako je Sarajevo imalo veliku industriju tokom perioda komunizma, samo je par postojećih poslova učinilo tranziciju na kapitalističku ekonomiju uspješnom. Sarajevska industrija sada uključuje industriju duhanskih proizvoda, namještaja, automobila, i komunikacijsku opremu. Kompanije smještene u Sarajevu su B&H Airlines (prijašni Air Bosna), BH Telecom, Bosmalov gradski centar, Bosnalijek, Energopetrol, Fabrika Duhana Sarajevo, i Sarajevska Pivara.

Sarajevo ima jaku turističku industriju i Lonely Planet je gradu dao 43. mjesto na listi najboljih gradova u svijetu u 2006. godini.[4] Sportski turizam koristi postrojenja od olimpijskih igara iz 1984, posebno skijaška sredstva na obližnim planinama Bjelašnice, Igmana, Jahorine, Trebevića i Treskavice. 600 godina historije Sarajeva, uz djelovanje zapadnih i istočnih carstava, je također velika turistička atrakcija. Sarajevo je usluživalo putnike tokom vijekova, jer je predstavljalo važan tržni centar tokom Osmanskog carstva i perioda Austro-Ugarske. Primjeri popularnih destinacija u Sarajevu su Vrelo Bosne, sarajevska katedrala i Gazi-Husrev begova džamija.

Komunikacije i mediji

Sjedište sarajevskih dnevnih novina Glavni članak: Komunikacije i mediji u Sarajevu

Kao glavni i najveći grad Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo je najveći centar medija u zemlji. Većina komunikacijskih i medijskih infrastruktura je uništena tokom rata, ali rekonstrukcija koju je vodio visoki predstavnik Bosne i Hercegovine je pomogla modernizaciji industrije.[5] Npr, Internet je postao dostupan u gradu 1995.[6]

"Oslobođenje", osnovano 1943, su najstarije sarajevske dnevne novine i jedine koje su preživile rat. Ipak, ove novine su iza Dnevnog Avaza, osnovanog 1995, i Jutarnjih novina. [7] U druge lokalne periodične novine spadaju novine Hrvatska Riječ na hrvatskom jeziku i magazin Start, kao i sedmične novine "Slobodna Bosna" i "BH Dani".

Bosanskohercegovačka televizija je sarajevska javna TV stanica, jedna od tri u Bosni i Hercegovini. Druge stanice u gradu su NRTV "Studio 99", NTV Hayat, Open Broadcast Network, TV Kantona Sarajevo i TV Alfa. Mnoge manje nezavisne radio stanice postoje, poput Radija M, RSG, eFM studentskog radija i radija 202. Radio Slobodna Evropa, kao i par američkih i zapadno-evropskih stanica su također dostupne u gradu.

Prijevoz

Sarajevo je bilo prvi grad u Evropi sa cjelodnevnom tramvajskom linijom. Od tog vremena nadograđeno je na moderne tramvaje.Položaj Sarajeva u dolini između planina ga čini kompaktnim. Uske gradske ulice i nedostatak parkinga ograničavaju automobilski saobraćaj ali dozvoljavaju bolju pješačku i biciklističku pokretnost. Dvije glavne ulice u gradu su Titova i Zmaj od Bosne. Evropski autoput, koridor 5C, prolazi kroz Sarajevo povezivajući ga sa Budimpeštom na sjeveru i sa Pločama na jugu. [8]

Električni tramvaji, koji su u službi od 1885, su najstarija vrsta javnog prijevoza u gradu. [9] Postoji sedam tramvajskih linija i četiri trolejbuske linije i mnogo buseva. Glavna željeznička stanica u Sarajevu se nalazi u sjevernom dijelu grada.

Međunarodni Aerodrom Sarajevo (SJJ) je smješten samo par kilometara jugozapadno od grada. Tokom rata aerodrom se koristio za letove UN-a i transport humanitarne pomoći. Od Dejtonskog sporazuma iz 1996. godine, aerodrom je otvoren za komercionalne letove u koje spadaju B&H Airlines, Austrian Airlines, Alitalia, Aero Flight, Lufthansa, Jat Airways, Croatia Airlines, i drugi. U 2004, 397,000 putnika je putovalo kroz sarajevski aerodrom, za razliku od samo 25,000 iz 1996. godine. [10]

Kultura

Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine u Sarajevu.Sarajevo je bilo dom mnogih različitih religija i etničkih skupina vijekovima, dajući gradu brojne kulture. Bošnjaci, Srbi, Hrvati, Jevreji, i Slovenci su dijelili gard. Današnje stanovništvo grada većinom predstavljaju Bošnjaci, ali u prošlih par godina vidljivo je povećanje doseljenika iz istočne Azije.

Grad je bogat muzejima, uključujući muzej Sarajeva, Ars Aevi muzej umjetnosti, Zemaljski muzej (otvoren 1888 i dom sarajevske Hagade), historijskog muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine i muzeja literature i teatralne umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine. U gradu je također smješteno narodno pozorište, osnovano 1919, kao i sarajevski ratni teatar. Druge kulturne institucije uključuju sarajevski kulturni centar, sarajevsku biblioteku, umjetničku galeriju BiH i Bošnjački institut.

Uništavanja povezana sa ratom, [11]kao i rekonstrukcija, brojne uništene institucije i kulturni i vjerski simboli uključujući Gazi Husrev-begovu bilbioteku, nacionalnu bilbioteku, sarajevski orijentalni institut, i muzej posvećen olimpijskim igrama 1984. Posljedice su različiti nivoi vlade koji su utemeljili jake zakone za zaštitu kultura i institucija.

Historijski, Sarajevo je bilo dom brojnih poznatih bosanskih pjesnika i mislioca tokom Osmanskog carstva. Dobitnik Nobelove nagrade Vladimir Prelog je iz grada, kao i oskarovac Danis Tanović. Dobitnik Nobelove nagrade Ivo Andrić je većinu svog života proveo u Sarajevu. U Sarajevu je rođen i kipar Josip Ivanović, jedan od najvećih savremenih kipara ovih prostora.

Sarajevo Film Festival, pokrenut 1995, je postao premijerni filmski festival na Balkanu. Sarajevska Zima, sarajevski jazz festival su jako poznati, kao i Baščaršijske noći, mjesečni kulturni, muzički i plesni događaj.

Sarajevska škola pop rocka se razvila u gradu između 1961 i 1991. Ova vrsta muzike je počela sa bendovima poput Indexa, Bijelog dugmeta i pjevača/tekstopisca Kemala Montena. Nastavila je u 1980im, sa SCH, Plavim orkestrom, Zabranjenim pušenjem i Crvenom jabukom, završavajući ratom u 1992. Nakon rata, Irski rock band U2 je bio prvi band koji je svirao nakon rata u gradu.

Sport
Kao i u ostatku države najpopularniji sportovi su nogomet, košarka i rukomet. Sportski život se prvenstveno odvija kroz dva sportska društa; SD Željezničar i SD Bosna. Oba sportska društva imaju sportske sekcije u više sportskih grana.

Među velikim brojem sportskih kolektiva u gradu se ističu nogometni klubovi Željezničar i Sarajevo, rukometni klubovi Željezničar i Bosna, muški košarkaški klub Bosna i ženski rukometni klub Željezničar.

Grad je bio domaćin zimskih olimpijskih igara u 1984. godini.

Znamenitosti grada

Unisovi tornjevi
Računarska ilustracija Bosmal City centraSarajevo se može pohvaliti dobro očuvanim starim trgovačkim dijelom grada, popularnom Baščaršijom, koja je nastala za perioda osmanske vladavine u Bosni i Hercegovini. Ovaj dio grada obiluje jedinstvenim arhitektonskim ostvarenjima osmanske gradske arhitekture, među kojima su brojne potkupolne džamije, te tradicionalne forme orijentalne arhitekture poput: konaka, hanova i bezistana. Nakon barbarskih razaranja tokom proteklog rata Baščaršija je ponovo obnovljena na opću radost Sarajlija i njihovih gostiju.

Brana na Miljacki u podnožju Alifakovca
Gradovi partneri
Grad Zemlja Zastava
Tirana Albanija
Tlemcen Alžir
Baku Azerbejdžan
Zagreb Hrvatska
Tianjin Kina
Friedrichshafen Njemačka
Magdeburg Njemačka
Wolfsburg Njemačka
Dayton SAD
Serre-Chevalier Francuska
Coventry Velika Britanija
Ferrara Italija
Napulj Italija
Prato Italija
Venecija Italija
Calgary Kanada
Kuvajt-City Kuvajt
Tripoli Libija
Innsbruck Austrija
Stockholm Švedska
Barcelona Španija
Ankara Turska
Bursa Turska
Istanbul Turska
Budimpešta Mađarska

SARAJEVO

Sarajevo (Cyrillic: Сарајево) is the capital city and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with an estimated total population of approximately 450,000 people (304,136 in Sarajevo proper) (as of December, 2006).[2] It is also the capital of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity, and the de jure capital of the Republika Srpska entity, as well as the center of the Sarajevo Canton. Sarajevo is located in the Sarajevo valley of Bosnia proper, surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated around the Miljacka river. The city is famous for its traditional religious diversity, with adherents of Islam, Catholicism and Orthodoxy peacefully coexisting there for centuries.[3]

Although settlement in the area stretches back to prehistoric times, the modern city arose as an Ottoman stronghold in the 15th century.[4] Sarajevo has attracted international attention several times throughout its history: In 1914 it was the site of the assassination that sparked World War I, while seventy years later it became the host city of the 1984 Winter Olympics. More recently, Sarajevo underwent the longest siege in modern military history during the Bosnian War. Today the city is recovering and adjusting to a post-war reality, as a major center of culture and economic development in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[5]

Geography and climate

Geography
Sarajevo is located at 43°52′0″N, 18°25′0″E, in the exact geometric center of the triangular-shaped Bosnia-Herzegovina and within the historical region of Bosnia proper. It lies in the Sarajevo valley, in the middle of the Dinaric Alps. The valley itself once formed a vast expanse of greenery, but gave way to urban expansion and development in the post-World War II era. The city is surrounded by heavily forested hills and five major mountains. The highest of the surrounding peaks is Treskavica at 2,088 meters (6,850 ft), then Bjelasnica at 2,067 meters (6,781 ft), Jahorina at 1,913 meters (6,276 ft), Trebevic at 1,627 meters (5,338 ft), with 1,502 meters (4,928 ft) Igman being the shortest. Last four are also known as Olympics mountains of Sarajevo (see also 1984 Winter Olympics Games in Sarajevo). On average, Sarajevo is situated 500 meters (1,640 ft) above sea level. The city itself has its fair share of hilly terrain, as evidenced by the many steeply inclined streets and settlements seemingly perched on the hillsides.

The Miljacka river is one of the city's chief geographic features. It flows through the city from east through the center of Sarajevo to west part of city where eventually meets up with the Bosna river. Miljacka river is "The Sarajevo River", with its source in the town of Pale, several kilometers to the east of Sarajevo. The Bosna's source, Vrelo Bosne near Ilidža (west Sarajevo), is another notable natural landmark and a popular destination for Sarajevans and other tourists. Several smaller rivers and streams also run through the city and its vicinity.

Cityscape
Sarajevo is located close to the center of the triangular shape of Bosnia and Herzegovina in southeastern Europe. It consists of four municipalities (or "Općina"): Centar (Center), Novi Grad (New Town), Novo Sarajevo (New Sarajevo), and Stari Grad (Old Town). Greater Sarajevo includes these and the neighbouring municipalities of Ilidža and Vogošća. The city has an urban area of 141.5 square kilometres (54.6 sq mi)

Climate
Sarajevo has a mild continental climate, lying between the climate zones of central Europe to the north and the Mediterranean to the south. The average yearly temperature is 9.5 °C, with January (-1.3 °C avg.) being the coldest month of the year and July (19.1 °C avg.) the warmest. The highest recorded temperature was 40.0 °C on August 19, 1946, while the lowest recorded temperature was −26.4 °C on January 25, 1942. On average, Sarajevo has 68 summer days per year (temperature greater than or equal to 30.0 °C). The city typically experiences mildly cloudy skies, with an average yearly cloud cover of 59%. The cloudiest month is December (75% average cloud cover) while the clearest is August (37%). Moderate precipitation occurs fairly consistently throughout the year, with an average 170 days of rainfall. Suitable climatic conditions have allowed winter sports to flourish in the region, as exemplified by the Winter Olympics in 1984 thet were celebrated in Sarajevo.

[hide]Weather averages for Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C 3 5 12 16 22 25 27 28 20 18 10 4 18
Average low °C -3 -2 2 5 9 12 14 14 10 8 4 -1 6
Precipitation mm 51.6 55.3 36.7 67.4 68.5 72 79 58.2 113.4 72.6 80.7 69.9 825.3
Average high °F 37 41 53 61 71 77 81 82 69 64 51 39 60
Average low °F 26 28 35 41 49 54 58 57 50 46 39 29 42
Precipitation inch 2.03 2.18 1.44 2.65 2.7 2.83 3.11 2.29 4.46 2.86 3.18 2.75 32.48
Source: MSN[6] Mar 05, 2007

History
Main article: History of Sarajevo
The Sarajevo valley has a long and rich history dating back to the Neolithic period, when the Butmir Culture flourished. Several Illyrian settlements existed in the area before it was conquered by Rome in 9 CE.[7] During Roman times, a town named Aquae Sulphurae ("sulfuric thermal spring") existed on the location of the present-day Sarajevo suburb of Ilidža.[8] After the Romans, the Goths settled the area, followed by the Slavs in the 7th century.[9] The settlement Vrh-Bosna existed in the valley as a Slavic citadel from 1263 until it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire's warriors in 1429.[10] Under Isa-Beg Isaković, the first Ottoman governor of the Bosnia Province, the settlement was established as a city, named Bosna-Saraj, around the citadel in 1461. The name Sarajevo is derived from Turkish saray ovası, meaning the field around saray.

The governor oversaw the construction of the city's Old Town district, including a water-supply system, mosque, closed marketplace, public bath, hostel, and Governor's palace. Gazi Husrev-beg was appointed the second governor of the Bosnia Province in 1521 and built the city's first library, madrassa, school of Sufi philosophy, as well as the Sahat Kula clock tower.

In 1697, during the Great Turkish War, a raid was led by Prince Eugene of Savoy of the Habsburg Monarchy against the Ottoman Empire, which conquered Sarajevo and left it plague-infected and burned to the ground. The city was later rebuilt, but never fully recovered from the destruction. The Ottoman Empire made Sarajevo an important administrative centre by 1850, but the ruling powers changed as the Austria-Hungarian Empire conquered Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 as part of the Treaty of Berlin, and annexed it completely in 1908. Sarajevo was industrialized by Austria-Hungary, who used the city as a testing area for new inventions, such as tramways, before installing them in Vienna.[9][11] In the event that triggered World War I, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914 by a Serb, Gavrilo Princip, a nationalist/provocateur assassin. In the ensuing war, however, most of the Balkan offensives occurred near Belgrade, and Sarajevo largely escaped damage and destruction during the war. Following the war, after the Balkans were unified under the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Sarajevo became the capital of the Drina Province.

In April 1941 Nazi Germany invaded Yugoslavia and bombarded Sarajevo. At this time, there were approximately 10,500 Jews living in Sarajevo, who, along with Romany and Orthodox Serbians, were oppressed by the Croatian Ustaše government (which some of the Muslim population was part of) or transported to concentration camps.[citation needed] Yugoslav Partisan resistance fighters, led by Josip Broz Tito, liberated Sarajevo on 6 April 1945.

Afterwards, the city grew rapidly as it became an important regional industrial center in Yugoslavia. As part of the 1945 General Town Development Plan modern city blocks were built west of the old city, adding to Sarajevo's architectural diversity. The peak of city growth occurred in the early 1980s, when Sarajevo hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics.[12]

On April 6, 1992, as the former communist state of Yugoslavia was disintegrating, Sarajevo was surrounded by the Yugoslav National Army (Bosnian: "Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija" or JNA), which stayed there until all of the soldiers and their families were safely rescued and evacuated from the parts of the city that was in hands of Bosnian Muslim paramilitary formations (later on renamed itself to Bosnian Army). Once JNA mission was fulfilled and military personel and their families were evacuated, parts of the city and teritories surrounding the city, where vast majority of population were Serbs, was under the number of paramilitary (Bosnian Serb Army) formations formed by local population (later on, all formations joined under Army of Republic of Srpska ; Bosnian: "Vojska Republike Srpske"). Exception was Stup and Kiseljak which was under control of Croatian paramilitary formations aka "HVO"; Bosnian: "Hrvatsko Vijece Odbrane". The siege of Sarajevo, which lasted until October 1995, resulted in large scale destruction and dramatic population shifts. Reconstruction of Sarajevo started as soon as the war ended with the Dayton Agreement of November 1995.

By 2003, most of the city had been rebuilt or repaired, with only a few remaining visible ruins in the city centre. Many of the WWII shell casings that were used during the attacks have been carved and polished in Sarajevo tradition and are sold as art. American actor Terrance Howard has collected such casings and has pointed out the parallels to the scripture in Isaiah 2:4 about turning swords into plowshares.[13] Modern office buildings and skyscrapers have since been constructed throughout the city.[14]

Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque - one of Sarajevo's 186 mosques.

Sarajevo's Orthodox Cathedral.

Cathedral of Jesus' Heart - Catholic Cathedral in Sarajevo.

Sarajevo's Jewish Synagogue, before its recent renovation.

Government

Building of the Government of Bosnia and HerzegovinaSarajevo is the capital of the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its sub-entity, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as of the Sarajevo Canton. It is also the de jure capital of other entity, Republika Srpska. Each of these levels of government has their parliament or council, as well as judicial courts, in the city. In addition many foreign embassies are located in Sarajevo.

The city comprises four municipalities which each operate their own municipal government, united to form one city government with its own constitution. The executive branch (Bosnian: "Gradska Uprava") consists of a mayor, with two deputies and a cabinet. The legislative branch consists of the City Council, or Gradsko Vijeće. The council has 28 members, including a council speaker, two deputies, and a secretary. Councillors are elected by the municipality in numbers roughly proportional to their population. The city government also has a judicial branch based on the post-transitional judicial system as outlined by the High Representative's “High Judicial and Prosecutorial Councils”.[15]

A Sarajevo Rose marking where people were killed by a mortar explosionSarajevo's Municipalities are further split into "local communities" (Bosnian, Mjesne zajednice). Local communities have a small role in city government and are intended as a way for ordinary citizens to get involved in city government. They are based around key neighborhoods in the city.

Bosnia and Herzegovina's Parliament office in Sarajevo was damaged heavily in the Bosnian war. Due to damage the staff and documents were moved to a nearby ground level office to resume the work. In late 2006 reconstruction work started on the Parliament and is to be finished in early 2007. The cost of reconstruction is supported 80% by the Greek Government through the Hellenic Program of Balkans Reconstruction (ESOAV) and 20% by Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Sarajevo
The last official census in Bosnia and Herzegovina took place 1991 which recorded 527,049 people living in city of Sarajevo (ten municipalities). In settlement of Sarajevo itself was 416,497 inhabitants. [16] The war displaced hundreds of thousands of people, many of whom have not returned. As of 2006 the Sarajevo Canton government estimated the population at 418,891 people (304,136 in City of Sarajevo, the rest in metropolitan area).[17] With an area of 493 square miles (1,280 km²), Sarajevo has a population density of about 2173 people per square kilometer. The Novo Sarajevo municipality is the most densely populated part of Sarajevo with about 7524 inhabitants per square kilometer, while the least densely populated is the Stari Grad, with 742 inhabitants per square kilometer.[18]

War changed the ethnic and religious profile of the city. While it had long been known as a multicultural city,[19] or Europe's Jerusalem,[20] Muslims Bosniaks returned to form an even greater proportion of the population. In 1991 Bosniaks formed 45% of the population, followed by Eastern Orthodox Serbs with 38%, and Roman Catholic Croats with 7%. However, in 1997 Bosniaks formed 87% of the population, with Serbs at 5% and Croats at 6%.[21] If the East Sarajevo (Republika Srpska) population were to be included (130,000, mostly Serbs), the Bosniaks would still have an absolute majority, followed by Serbs at around 33% of the overall population.

Today, Sarajevo's population is not known clearly and is based of estimates contributed by the United Nations Statistics Division and the Federal Office of Statistics, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina among other national and international non-profit organizations. It is believed that Sarajevo’s population to date has actually increased rather than decreased due to many migrants moving from rural villages destroyed during the Bosnian war.

See also: Historical population of Sarajevo

Economy
Main article: Economy of Sarajevo

The Holiday Inn, Sarajevo, 1983, architect Ivan Straus. As of 2008 it will be part of the Grand Media Center Complex.
The tomb of Gazi Husrev-Beg, SarajevoAfter years of war, Sarajevo's economy has been subject to reconstruction and rehabilitation programs.[22] Amongst other economic landmarks, the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina opened in Sarajevo in 1997 and the Sarajevo Stock Exchange began trading in 2002. The city's large manufacturing, administration, and tourism base, combined with a large informal market,[23] makes it one of the strongest economic regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

While Sarajevo had a large industrial base during its communist period, only a few pre-existing businesses have successfully adapted to the market economy.[citation needed] Sarajevo industries now include tobacco products, furniture, hosiery, automobiles, and communication equipment.[9] Companies based in Sarajevo include B&H Airlines (Formerly Air Bosna), BH Telecom, Bosmal City Center, Bosnalijek, Energopetrol, Sarajevo Tobacco Factory, and Sarajevska Pivara (Sarajevo Brewery).

Sarajevo has a strong tourist industry and was named by Lonely Planet the 43rd Best City in the World in 2006.[24] Sports-related tourism uses the legacy facilities of the 1984 Winter Olympics, especially the skiing facilities on the nearby mountains of Bjelašnica, Igman, Jahorina, Trebević, and Treskavica. Sarajevo's 600 years of history, influenced by both Western and Eastern empires, is also a strong tourist attraction. Sarajevo has hosted travellers for centuries, because it was an important trading center during the Ottoman and Austria-Hungarian empires. Examples of popular destinations in Sarajevo include the Vrelo Bosne park, the Sarajevo cathedral, and the Gazi Husrev-beg's Mosque.

Sarajevo is currently undergoing a large scale building boom as new commercial, industrial, residential, and office buildings and facilities are under construction. The city is growing at a fast pace and will retain its prewar population within a period of 10-20 years. Because of its large growth, many new Apartment buildings have been constructed in Sarajevo; specifically in the Eastern suburb of Ilida. The city is also renovating its sports facilities; such as its main stadium, and its well known skiing hotels and venues. The construction of Highway 5C will further supplement and boost Sarajevo's already impressive growth.

Communications and media

The headquarters of the Sarajevo newspaper and Radon Plaza HotelMain article: Communications and Media of Sarajevo
As the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo is the main center of the country's media. Most of the communications and media infrastructure was destroyed during the war but reconstruction led by the Office of the High Representative have helped modernize the industry.[25] For example, internet was first made available to the city in 1995.[26]

Oslobodenje (Liberation), founded in 1943, is Sarajevo longest running newspaper and the only one to survive the war. However, this long running and trusted newspaper has fallen behind the Dnevni Avaz (Daily Voice), founded in 1995, and Jutarnje Novine (Morning News) in circulation in Sarajevo.[27] Other local periodicals include the Croatian newspaper Hrvatska Rijec and the Bosnian magazine Start, as well as weekly newspapers Slobodna Bosna (Free Bosnia) and BH Dani (BH Days).Novi Plamen, a monthly magazine, is the most left-wing publication currently.

The Public Broadcast Service of Bosnia and Herzegovina is Sarajevo's public television station, one of three in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Other stations based in the city include NRTV “Studio 99”, NTV Hayat, Open Broadcast Network, TV Kantona Sarajevo and Televizija Alfa. Many small independent radio stations exist, included established stations such as Radio M, Radio Grad (Radio Old Town), Studentski eFM Radio @ [1], Radio 202 and RSG. Radio Free Europe, as well as several American and West European stations, are available in the city, too.

Transportation

Sarajevo was the first city in Europe to have a full-time (from dawn to dusk) operational electric tram line. Since then it has upgraded to more modern trams.Sarajevo's location in a valley between mountains make it a compact city. Narrow city streets and a lack of parking areas restrict automobile traffic but allow better pedestrian and cyclist mobility. The two main streets are Titova street (Street of Marshal Tito) and the east-west Zmaj od Bosne (Dragon of Bosnia) highway. The trans-European highway, Corridor 5C, runs through Sarajevo connecting it to Budapest in the north, and Ploče in the south.[28]

Electric tramways, in operation since 1885, are the oldest form of public transportation in the city.[29] There are seven tramway lines supplemented by five trolleybus lines and numerous bus routes. The main railroad station in Sarajevo is located in the north-central area of the city. From there, the tracks head west before branching off in different directions, including to industrial zones in the city. Sarajevo is currently undergoing a major infrastructure renewal; many highways and streets are being repaved, the tram system is undergoing modernization, and new bridges and roads are under construction.

Sarajevo International Airport (IATA: SJJ), also called Butmir, is located just a few kilometers southwest of the city. During the war the airport was used for United Nations flights and humanitarian relief. Since the Dayton Accord in 1996, the airport has welcomed a thriving commercial flight business which includes the new Sarajevo International on March 2008 221 Countries, cities and airlines. In 2006, 534,000 passengers had travelled through Sarajevo airport, whereas only 25,000 had just 10 years earlier in 1996.[30]

Culture
Main article: Culture of Sarajevo

The National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Sarajevo.Sarajevo has been home to many different religions for centuries, giving the city a range of diverse cultures. Slavic Muslims, Orthodox, Catholics and Jews all shared the city while maintaining distinctive identities. Today, however, the city is overwhelmingly Bosnian Muslim, but in recent years many returnees have been noticed as well as a growing number of foreigners from Eastern Asia.

The city is rich in museums, including the Museum of Sarajevo, the Ars Aevi Museum of Contemporary Art, the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina (established in 1888 and home to the Sarajevo Haggadah), the Historical Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Museum of Literature and Theatre Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The city also hosts the National theatre of Bosnia and Herzegovina, established in 1919, as well as the Sarajevo Youth Theatre. Other cultural institutions include the Center for Sarajevo Culture, Sarajevo City Library, Art Gallery of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Bosniak Institute, a privately owned library and art collection focusing on Bosniak history.

Demolitions associated with the war,[31] as well as reconstruction, destroyed several institutions and cultural or religious symbols including the Gazi Husrev-beg library, the national library, the Sarajevo Oriental Institute, and a museum dedicated to the 1984 Olympic games. Consequently, the different levels of government established strong cultural protection laws and institutions. Bodies charged with cultural preservation in Sarajevo include the Institute for the Protection of the Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina (and their Sarajevo Canton counterpart), and the Bosnia and Herzegovina Commission to Preserve National Monuments.

Historically, Sarajevo was home to several famous Bosnian poets and thinkers during the Ottoman Empire. Nobel Prize winner Vladimir Prelog is from the city, as was academy award winning director Danis Tanovic. Nobel Prize winner Ivo Andric spent much of his life in Sarajevo.

The Sarajevo Film Festival, established in 1995, has become the premier film festival in the Balkans. The Sarajevo Winter Festival, Sarajevo Jazz Festival are well-known, as are the Bašćaršija Nights, a month-long showcase of local culture, music, and dance.

The Sarajevo school of pop rock developed in the city between 1961 and 1991. This type of music began with bands like Indexi, Bijelo dugme and singer/song writer Kemal Monteno. It continued into the 1980s, with bands such as Plavi orkestar, Zabranjeno pušenje and Crvena jabuka, ending with the war in 1992. After the war, Irish rock band U2 was the first band to play in the city live.

Festivals
Sarajevo is regionally renowned for its Sarajevo Film Festival (SFF) and its Sarajevo Jazz Festival.

The SFF has been hosted in Sarajevo at the National Theater in the center of Sarajevo and has hosted such world-renowned actors, directors, and musicians as: Steve Buscemi, Bono, Coolio, John Malkovich, Nick Nolte, Daniel Craig, Willem Dafoe, Anthony Minghella, Katrin Cartlidge, Alexander Payne, Sophie Okonedo, Stephen Frears, to name a few.

For the past twelve years, the festival has entertained people and celebrities alike, elevating it to an international level. The first incarnation of the Sarajevo Film Festival was hosted in still-warring Sarajevo in 1995, and has progressed into a classy representation of what Sarajevo can really be. 13th Sarajevo Film Festival hosted Juliette Binoche, Jeremy Irons, Steve Buscemi, and Michael Moore as its principal jurors.

The Sarajevo Jazz Festival has been entertaining Jazz connoisseurs (locals and expats) for ten years now and has hosted such greats as: Richard Bona, The John Butler Trio, Cristina Branco, Dhafer Youssef, and many more. The festival takes place at the Bosnian Cultural Center (aka "Main Stage"), just down the street from the SFF, at the Sarajevo Youth Stage Theater (aka "Strange Fruits Stage", at the Dom Vojske Federacije (aka "Solo Stage"), and at the CDA (aka "Groove Stage").

Sports
The city was the location of the 1984 Winter Olympics. Yugoslavia won one medal, a silver in men's giant slalom awarded to Jure Franko.[32] Many of the Olympic facilities survived the war or were reconstructed, including Olympic Hall Zetra and Asim Ferhatović Stadion. After co-hosting the Southeast Europe Friendship games, Sarajevo was awarded the 2009 Special Olympic winter games,[33] but cancelled these plans.[34][35]

Football (soccer) is popular in Sarajevo; the city hosts FK Sarajevo and FK Željezničar, which both compete in European and international cups and tournaments, as well as FK Olimpik and SAŠK. Another popular sport is basketball; the basketball club KK Bosna Sarajevo won the European championship in 1979. The chess club, Bosna Sarajevo, has been a championship team since the 1980s. Sarajevo often holds international events and competitions in sports such as tennis and kickboxing. Rock climbing is popular; not far from the CBD is the sport climbing crag, Dariva Sarajevo International Speedway on January 2009

Club Leagues Venue Established
FK Željezničar Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Football Association of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Grbavica Stadium 1921
FK Sarajevo Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Football Association of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Asim Ferhatović Hase Stadium 1946
FK Olimpik Sarajevo Football Association of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Second League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Otoka Stadium 1993
KK Bosna Premier League of Basketball of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Adriatic Basketball Association
Mirza Delibasic Arena 1951

Education

The Sarajevo art academy, on the bank of the MiljackaHigher education has a long tradition in Sarajevo. The first institution that can be classified as such was a school of Sufi philosophy established by Gazi Husrev-beg in 1531; numerous other religious schools have been established over time. In 1887, under the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a Sharia Law School began a five-year program.[36] In the 1940s the University of Sarajevo became the city's first secular higher education institute. In the 1950s post-bachelaurate graduate degrees became available.[37] While severely damaged during the war, it was rebuilt in partnership with more than 40 other universities.

Also, as of 2005, in Sarajevo there are 46 elementary schools (Grades 1–9) and 33 high schools (Grades 10–13), including three schools for children with special needs .[38]

Twin cities
See also: Town twinning
Istanbul, Turkey
Bursa, Turkey
Ankara, Turkey
Akhisar, Turkey
Tianjin, China
Shanghai, China
Seoul, South Korea
Venice, Italy
Collegno, Italy
Ferrara, Italy
Naples, Italy
Prato, Italy
Budva, Montenegro
Zagreb, Croatia
Wolfsburg, Germany
Magdeburg, Germany
Friedrichshafen, Germany
Barcelona, Spain
Madrid, Spain
Innsbruck, Austria
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Serre Chevalier, France
Ljubljana, Slovenia
Budapest, Hungary
Coventry, United Kingdom
Stockholm, Sweden
Tábor, Czech Republic
Tirana, Albania
Calgary, Canada
Dayton, Ohio, USA
Baku, Azerbaijan
Kuwait City, Kuwait
Algiers, Algeria
Tlemcen, Algeria
Tripoli, Libya
Tunis, Tunisia
Johannesburg, South Africa

SARAYBOSNA

Saraybosna (Boşnakça: Sarajevo [Sarayevo]) 2006 yılı sayımlarına göre[1] 304.136 kişilik nüfusuyla Bosna-Hersek’in başkenti ve en büyük kentidir. Saraybosna, ayrıca Bosna-Hersek Federasyonu ve yasal olarak Sırp Cumhuriyeti'nin de başkenti ve Saraybosna Kantonu'nun da merkezidir.

Saraybosna, tarihi boyunca uluslararası önemi olan birçok olay yaşamıştır: 1914 yılında Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nın başlamasına neden olarak gösterilen Arşidük Franz Ferdinand'ın Gavrilo Princip tarafından suikasti bu kentte gerçekleşti. Bundan 70 yıl sonra 1984 Kış Olimpiyat oyunları bu kentte yapıldı. Şehir, Bosna Savaşı sırasında dünya modern savaş tarihindeki en uzun kuşatmaya mâruz kalmıştır. Bugün şehir, Bosna-Hersek'in en büyük kültürel ve ekonomik merkezi olarak savaş sonrasında kendini yenilemeye ve toparlamaya çalışmaktadır.

Bosna-Hersek'i oluşturan on kantondan "Saraybosna Kantonu"nun parçası olan Saraybosna'nın içinden Miljacka [Milyaka] ırmağı geçer.

Coğrafya
Kentin ortasından geçen Miljacka ırmağıSaraybosna, Avrupa'nın güneydoğusunda bulunan üçgen biçimli Bosna-Hersek topraklarının hemen hemen merkezinde kurulmuştur. Opcina adı verilen dört belediyeden oluşur. Centar (Merkez), Novi Grad (Yeni Şehir), Novo Saraybosna (Yeni Saraybosna) ve Stari Grad (Eski Şehir). Saraybosna'nın komşu belediyeleri İlidza [İlica] ve Vogošča'dır [Vogoşça]. Koordinatları 43°52′0″N, 18°25′0″E 'dır. Kuzeyde "Ozren Planina" (1.452 m), güneyde "Romanija Planina" (1.649 m) ve Jahorina (1.913 m) dağları arasında kalan Miljacka [Milyaçka] vadisinde kurulmuştur. Bu dağlar Dinar Alpleri'nin bir parçasıdır.

Tarih
Şehrin Kurulması [değiştir]Şehrin bulunduğu bölgedeki yerleşim, Neolitik Çağ'a dek geri gider. Bu bölgede 19. yüzyılın sonlarında Butmir kültürü'ne ait benzer desenli seramik eşya ve çanaklar bulunmuştur.

Saraybosna bölgesi, Roma egemenliğinden önce İliryalıların egemenliğinde kalmış ve Romalılar, ancak M.S. 9 yılında uzun süren bir direnişin ardından ele geçmiştir. Romalılar döneminde Dalmaçya eyâletine bağlanan bölgede bugünkü İliđža banliyösünün bulunduğu yerde Aquae Sulphurae (Türkçesi: Kükürtlü termal su) kentini kurmuşlardır.

Roma İmparatorluğu, M.S. 395'te ikiye bölününce Batı Roma İmparatorluğu'nun parçası olan ve 420'lerde Avrupa Hunları'nın ele geçirdiği bölge, 455 yılında Ostrogotların eline geçti. 6. yüzyılın ilk yarısının sonlarına doğru Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu'nun eline geçen bölgeye 7. yüzyılın başlarında Avrupa Avarlarının egemenliğindeki Slavlar gelmeye başladı ve bölge, Avarların eline geçti.

Avarlar devletinin 805'te Franklar tarafından yıkılmasının ardından Frankların süzerenliğini tanıdı ve Doğu Romalı misyonerler tarafından bölge, tamamanen Hristiyanlaştırıldı. Önce Sırp Raşka Krallığı'nın, 863'te Hırvat Düklüğü'nün (sonradan krallık) eline geçti. 870'lerde Sırpların geri aldığı bölge, 9. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru 1. Bulgar İmparatorluğu'nun eline geçti. 927'de Bulgarlardan bağımsızlığını îlân eden Sırp Kralı Časlav Klonimirovič'in eline geçti. Çaslav'ın 950 yılında Macarlara karşı savaşırken ölmesi üzerine Bosna'daki derebeyler, Sırbistan'dan bağımsızlıklarını ilan ettiler ve Doğu Roma'nın hükümranlığını tanıdılar. Ancak bölge 998'de 1. Bulgaristan İmparatorluğu Çarı 1. Samuel'in eline geçti. Ancak Doğu Roma İmparatoru II. Basileus, 1018'de bölgeyi geri aldı. Bölgenin güneyi, 1060'larda Doğu Roma'ya bağlı hüküm süren Hırvat Kralı IV. Petar'ın eline geçti. Ancak bölge, 1082-1085 arasında Sırpların kurduğu Duklja Krallığı'nca fethedildi. 1103 yılından itibaren Bosna Sırplardan koptu ve Macaristan Krallığı'nın egemenliğini tanıyan Banların eline geçti. Ayrıca Macaristan Kralı II. Bela, 1137'de Bosna Dükü oldu. Bölge, 1163-1183 yılları arasında yeniden Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu'nun parçası oldu. Daha sonra yeniden Macaristan Krallığı'na bağlı Banlar tarafından yönetildi. 1230'lardan itibaren bölge halkının çoğu, Manicilik'ten etkilenen dualist Hristiyan tarikatı olan Bogomillik'e geçti. Bosna, 1377'ye kadar Macaristan'a bağlı banlar tarafından yönetildi. Bu târihte Bosna Banı Tvrtko Kotromanoviç (sonradan I. Tvrtko), kendini Bosna, Sırbistan ve Dalmaçya kralı ilan etti. Krallığı'nın sınırları bugünkü Karadağ'ın batısından bugünkü Hırvatistan'ın Graçaç kentinin batısına kadar uzanıyor ve bazı Dalmaçya adalarını da kapsıyordu.

1463 yılında Osmanlı Sultanı II. Mehmet, bütün Bosna'yı fethetti. Ancak Macaristan Kralı I. Matyas, Saraybosna'nın bulunduğu bölgeyi geri aldı. Ancak Osmanlılar, 1492'de bölgeyi yeniden ele geçirdiler.

Bugünkü Sarabosna'nın yerinde 14. yüzyılın başlarında Boşnak soylularının şatoları vardı. 1492 yılında burayı alan Osmanlılar, şehrin ilk çekirdeğini kurmuşlardır. Saraybosna, önemli ulaşım yolları kavşağı olması nedeniyle kısa sürede ticari ve idari merkez olmuştur.

Bölge, Osmanlılarca öncelikle Saraybosna'nın merkez olduğu Bosna Sancağı olarak Rumeli Eyâleti'ne bağlanmış, 1585 yılında 1483'te fethedilen Hersek bölgesiyle birlikte Bosna Eyâleti'ne bağlanmıştır. 1583-1686 arasında Banyaluka'nın, 1686-1851 arası Travnik'in merkez olduğu dönemler hariç hep eyaletin merkezi Saraybosna olmuştur. 1697'deki kısa süreli Venedik işgalinden zarar gören şehir, derhal onarıldı.

Saraybosna, Türklerin Avrupa'da kurduğu en büyük kent olarak kabul edilir.

1878 yılına kadar Osmanlılar'a bağlı kalan şehir, bu yıl imzalanan Berlin Anlaşması'yla Avusturya-Macaristan yönetimine bırakıldı. Ancak buranın yönetimi konusunda yönetim ortakları arasında anlaşmazlık çıkınca doğrudan doğruya Viyana'dan yönetilen Bosna-Hersek'in merkezi oldu. 1918'de sonradan Yugoslavya Krallığı'na dönüşecek olan Sırp-Hırvat-Sloven Krallığı'na geçti ve Sırbistan'a bağlandı. 1929 yılında ülke, idari olarak banlıklara bölündüğünde, Drina Banlığı'nın merkezi oldu. [[II. Dünya Savaşı|II. Dünyâ Savaşı]'nda 1941-1945 arasında Alman uydusu Bağımsız Hırvatistan Devleti'nin işgalinde kaldı.

Saraybosna'nın adı [değiştir]Saraybosna'nın adı, Osmanlı Devleti tarafından alınmadan önce Vrhbosna' idi. Osmanlı Devleti'nde Bosna-Saray denmesinin yanı sıra "Saray Ovası" olarak da adlandırdı. Bu yüzden günümüzde pek çok dilde bu ifadenin kısa hali olarak Sarajevo' adı kullanılmaktadır. Kendi halkı da şehirlerine Sarajevo derler ki vadiye dik bakan saraydan görülen ova manzarasından esinlenerek Saray-Ova dendiği rivayet edilir.

Nüfus ve etnik yapı [değiştir]1991 nüfus sayımlarına göre Saraybosna'nın nüfusu 529.021'dir.[kaynak belirtilmeli] Nüfus'un %50'si Boşnaktır. Boşnakların, Sırpların ve Hırvatların mahalleleri ayrıdır. Aktif olarak Sırplar ve Boşnaklar savaşmış olmasına rağmen şehrin en pahalı yerlerinde Hırvatlar oturur ve şehrin üst tabakasını oluştururlar.

Kültür
Ferhad Paşa (Ferhadija) CamiiSaraybosna, bir çok açıdan Anadolu'ya benzer. Türk kahvesi, börek, tarih, mimari, sosyal yapı gibi yönlerden Türkiye'ye yakınlığı belli olan bir şehirdir. 1984 Kış Olimpiyatları Saraybosna'da yapılmıştır. Katolik Başpsikoposluğu, Ortodoks Patrikliği ve Müslüman Cemaati Başkanlığının bulunduğu Saraybosna, aynı zamanda tıp, ticaret, müzik ve kültür kurumlarının merkezidir. Şehir, tarihsel yapıtları bakımından zengindir. Bosna-Hersek Müzesi'nde zengin arkeoloji ve etnoğrafya koleksiyonları vardır. Kaleleri ve camileriyle ünlü olan şehrin bu tarihsel yapıları, Bosna-Hersek'in diğer yerleşim birimlerinde de olduğu gibi savaş sırasında bilhassa tahrip edilmiş ve büyük zarar görmüşlerdir. Şehir, barındırdığı dinî çeşitliliğiyle bilinir. Müslümanlık, Katoliklik, Ortodoksluk ve Musevîlik, burada yüzyıllar boyunca barış içinde bir arada var olagelmişlerdir. İşte bu yüzden Saraybosna, Avrupa'nın Kudüs'ü olarak kabul edilir. Saraybosna Balkanlardaki kültürel şehirlerin en önemlilerinden biri olarak kabul görür.

Mimari [değiştir]Bosna Savaşı sonrası her ülke katılımda bulunarak şehri yeniden kurma çalışması yürütmüştür. Türkiye de inşa ettiği toplu konutlarla bu çalışmalara katılmıştır.

İklim [değiştir]Ay Ocak Şubat Mart Nisan Mayıs Haziran Temmuz Ağustos Eylül Ekim Kasım Aralık
En Yüksek [°C] 3 5 12 16 22 25 27 28 20 18 10 3
En Düşük Sıcaklık [°C] -3 -2 2 5 9 12 14 14 10 18 4 -1
Yağmur (mm) 51.6 55.3 36.7 67.4 68.5 72 79 58.2 113.4 72.6 80.7 69.9

Ekonomi [değiştir]Bosna-Hersek'in Gayri Safi Millî Hasılası (GSMH) 3.356.220.000 (1999) dolar olup, Saraybosna'ya düşen pay 1.264.412.000 dolardır.[kaynak belirtilmeli] Saraybosna'da kişi başına düşen GSMH ise 2.470 dolardır. Trafik ve iletişim (Saraybosna Kanton ekonomisinin toplam gelirinin %53'ü) toplam işçi sayısının %18'ini istihdam etme olanağı verir. Endüstri (Saraybosna Kanton ekonomisinin toplam gelirinin %14.8'i) toplam işçi sayısının %18,5'ini, ticaret ise (Saraybosna Kanton ekonomisinin toplam gelirinin %17,9'u) toplam işçi sayısının %19,5'ini istihdam eder.

İdari yapı [değiştir]Şehir yasama yapısı "Saraybosna Kanton Meclisi" tarafından gerçekleştirilmekte olup, idari yapıları şu birimlerden oluşmaktadır;

Saraybosna Kanton Başkanı,
Saraybosna Kanton Hükümeti,
Başbakan, ve
12 bakandan oluşan Bakanlar Kurulu.

Kültürel kuruluşlar [değiştir]Saraybosna'da kültürel kurumlar büyük önem arz etmektedir. Kentte; 1 opera , 6 tiyatro , 4 müze , 7 sinema , 33 kütüphane , 287 spor tesisi ve 25 fakülteli bir üniversite vardır.

Ulusal ve dini bayram, festival ve tatil günleri [değiştir]Kurtuluş Günü (1 Mart), Devlet Günü (25 Kasım), Saraybosna Kış Festivali, Orchestar Festivali, Belediyede Kültür Günleri, Vovi Grad Uluslararası Halk Dansları Festivali, Başçarşı Geceleri, İki yılda bir düzenlenen Akdeniz Genç Artistler, Yaz tiyatroları "Karnemi 55" Saraybosna Film Festivali, Saraybosna Şiir Günleri, Tiyatro Festivali, MESS Uluslararası Tiyatro Festivali, Saraybosna JAZZ Festivali, SIMF - Uluslararası Müzik Festivali, Çocuk Şarkıları Festivali

Kardeş şehirler [değiştir]Ankara, Türkiye
Bursa, Türkiye
İstanbul, Türkiye
Venedik, İtalya
Ferrara, İtalya
Napoli, İtalya
Prato, İtalya
Friedrichshafen, Almanya
Magdeburg, Almanya
Wolfsburg, Almanya
Bakü, Azerbaycan
Zagreb, Hırvatistan
Barselona, İspanya
Budapeşte, Macaristan
Calgary, Kanada
Coventry, Birleşik Krallık
Dayton, Ohio, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri
Innsbruck, Avusturya
Serre Chevalier, Fransa
Kuveyt, Kuveyt
Stokholm, İsveç
Tianjin, Çin
Tlemcen, Cezayir
Trablus, Libya

SARAJEVO

Sarajevo (kyrillisch Сарајево; türk. Saraybosna; dt. auch Sarajewo) ist die Hauptstadt und Regierungssitz von Bosnien und Herzegowina, der Bosniakisch-Kroatischen Föderation (Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine/FBiH) und des Kantons Sarajevo. Zudem ist es de jure Hauptstadt der Republika Srpska.

Die Stadt Sarajevo hat 297.512 Einwohner (2003), im Großraum Sarajevo, der den gesamten Kanton Sarajevo der Föderation sowie das zur Republika Srpska gehörende Istočno Sarajevo (Ost-Sarajevo) umfasst, leben fast 500.000 Menschen.

Geografie

Die Stadt erstreckt sich in West-Ost-Richtung in der Ebene von Sarajevo im Zentrum des Landes. Der Fluss Miljacka fließt durch die Stadt; die Bosna entspringt westlich der Stadt, in der Gemeinde Ilidža. Die Ebene wird überragt von den Bergen der Bjelašnica und des Igman im Südwesten sowie der Jahorina und des Trebević im Südosten.

Das Stadtzentrum liegt 511 Meter über dem Meeresspiegel. Die Vororte reichen hinauf bis auf über 900 Meter. Die die Stadt umgebenden Berge sind bis zu 2.000 Meter hoch.

Direkt östlich von Sarajevo liegt der Ort Pale, der während des letzten Krieges das Zentrum der bosnischen Serben war.

Klima [Bearbeiten]Das Klima in Sarajevo ist gemäßigt und leicht kontinental geprägt. Die jährliche Durchschnittstemperatur liegt bei 9,5 °C; der durchschnittliche jährliche Niederschlag beträgt 932 mm.

Die tiefste jemals gemessene Temperatur lag bei -21,8 °C (am 24. Januar 1963), die höchste bei 37,4 °C (am 24. Juli 1987)[1].

Geschichte

Der Name der Stadt wurde offenbar vom türkischen Saray bzw. Saray Ova abgeleitet.

Im Jahr 1238/39 wurde in einer Urkunde des ungarischen Königs Béla IV. in Zusammenhang mit dem Bau der Sankt-Peter-Kathedrale erstmals eine slawische Siedlung namens Vrhbosna erwähnt. Ab 1463 erfolgte mit dem Beginn der osmanischen Herrschaft unter Isa-Beg Isaković, einem zum Islam übergetretenen Slawen, der Ausbau der Stadt. Seit 1850 war Sarajevo Hauptstadt der Provinz Bosnien im Osmanischen Reich, nach 1878 dann Verwaltungszentrum des durch Österreich-Ungarn dominierten "Kondominiums".

Im Juni 1914 war die Stadt Schauplatz des tödlichen Attentates auf Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand und seine Frau, welches zum Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkriegs beitrug. Nach 1918 kam Sarajevo mit Bosnien zum Königreich der Serben, Kroaten und Slowenen.

Im Zweiten Weltkrieg zählte das Land zwischen 1941 und 1945 zum Unabhängigen Staat Kroatien, nach dessen Zusammenbruch und dem Kriegsende wurde Sarajevo 1945 Hauptstadt der Teilrepublik Bosnien und Herzegowina innerhalb Jugoslawiens.

1984 fanden die Olympischen Winterspiele in Sarajevo und den Gebirgen seiner Umgebung statt. Seit 1992 ist es die Hauptstadt des souveränen Staates Bosnien und Herzegowina. Dessen Unabhängigkeitserklärung von Jugoslawien führte zum Bosnienkrieg, in welchem Sarajevo heftig umkämpft war.

Krieg in Bosnien
Während der Belagerung zerstörte Straßenzüge in SarajevoHauptartikel: Belagerung von Sarajevo

Während des Krieges war Sarajevo in einen von der Regierung Bosnien und Herzegowina kontrollierten bosniakisch-kroatischen und einen von der Republika Srpska kontrollierten serbischen Teil geteilt, die sich gegenseitig beschossen. Der von den Regierungstruppen kontrollierte Teil, zu dem unter anderem das Stadtzentrum und die Altstadt gehörten, wurde genau 1.425 Tage lang von den Truppen der ehemaligen bosnisch-serbischen Armee belagert.

Die Belagerung von Sarajevo begann am 5. April 1992 und ist die längste Belagerung in der Geschichte der Stadt. Der Stadtkern von Sarajevo war vollständig umzingelt. Der Belagerung und den Kämpfen fielen nach Angaben der Regierung Bosnien-Herzegowinas 10.615 Menschen aller Volksgruppen, unter ihnen 1.601 Kinder zum Opfer. Durch Granaten, Minen oder Scharfschützen wurden rund 50.000 Menschen verletzt, teilweise schwer.

Bevölkerung

Bei der Volkszählung 1991 bezeichneten sich 49,3 % der Einwohner Sarajevos als Bosniaken, 29,8 % als Serben und 6,7 % als Kroaten. Zu Beginn des Krieges flohen die meisten serbischen Einwohner aus der Stadt.

Heute stellen die Bosniaken mit 78,3 % die absolute Bevölkerungsmehrheit[2].

Religion [Bearbeiten]Sarajevo ist Sitz des Oberhaupts (Großmufti) der bosnisch-herzegowinischen Muslime, des Metropoliten der serbisch-orthodoxen Kirche und eines Erzbischofs der römisch-katholischen Kirche.

In Sarajevo gibt es eine Vielzahl verschiedener Religionen. In der Stadt findet man Moscheen, Kirchen und Synagogen nicht weit voneinander entfernt. Deswegen wird die Stadt gelegentlich Klein-Jerusalem oder auch Europäisches Jerusalem genannt.

Kaisermoschee

Serbisch-orthodoxe Kathedrale

Römisch-katholische Kathedrale

Die jüdische Synagoge

Politik
Präsidentenpalast und Präsidentensitz von Bosnien und Herzegowina
Lage der vier Stadtgemeinden im Kanton Sarajevo
Das zerschossenene und ausgebrannte Parlaments­hochhaus im Jahr 2001
Definitionen für „Sarajevo“ [Bearbeiten]Das ehemalige Gebiet der Stadt Sarajevo liegt auf beiden Seiten der innerbosnischen Entitätengrenze zwischen der Föderation Bosnien und Herzegowina und der Republika Srpska. Während sich der größte Teil des bebauten Gebietes - die Altstadt (Stari grad) und Neustadt (Novi grad) - auf dem Gebiet der Föderation befindet, zählen einige im Ausbau begriffene Vorstädte im Süden zur Republika Srpska.

In der Föderation ist die Stadt Sarajevo in vier Stadtgemeinden unterteilt. Es sind dies Stari Grad (Altstadt), Centar (Zentrum), Novi Grad (Neustadt) und Novo Sarajevo (Neu-Sarajevo). Die Gemeinden Vogošća und Ilidža gehören sowohl historisch als auch baulich nicht zur eigentlichen Stadt.

Der zur Republika Srpska gehörige Teil Sarajevos wird als Istočno Sarajevo (Ost-Sarajevo) bezeichnet. Er unterteilt sich in 7 Gemeinden, von denen aber nur Istočno Novo Sarajevo als zum eigentlichen Stadtgebiet gehörig bezeichnet werden kann. Die restlichen 6 Gemeinden sind überwiegend ländlich geprägt und von der Stadt Sarajevo durch Gebirgszüge und/oder Wälder getrennt. Trotzdem hat Istočno Sarajevo den Status einer Stadt.

Stadtverwaltung [Bearbeiten]Die Stadt Sarajevo in der Föderation ist eine administrative Einheit aus 4 Gemeinden. Das Oberhaupt der Stadtverwaltung ist der Bürgermeister. Sei dem 14. Juni 2005 ist Semiha Borovac (SDA) die erste Bürgermeisterin in der Stadtgeschichte. Als Legislative fungiert ein Stadtrat mit 28 Abgeordneten.

Partnerstädte

Sarajevo unterhält internationale Städtepartnerschaften mit folgenden Städten:

Ankara (Türkei), seit 1994
Baku (Aserbaidschan), seit 1972
Barcelona (Spanien), seit 1996
Budapest (Ungarn), seit 1995
Bursa (Türkei), seit 1979
Calgary (Kanada), seit 1986
Collegno (Italien), seit 1994
Coventry (Vereinigtes Königreich), seit 1957
Dayton (USA), seit 1999
Ferrara (Italien), seit 1978
Friedrichshafen (Deutschland), seit 1972
Innsbruck (Österreich), seit 1980
Istanbul (Türkei), seit 1997
Kuwait-Stadt (Kuwait), seit 1998
Madrid (Spanien), seit 2007
Magdeburg (Deutschland), seit 1972
Neapel (Italien), seit 1976
Prato (Italien), seit 1995
Serre Chevalier (Frankreich), seit 1995
Stockholm (Schweden), seit 1997
Tirana (Albanien), seit 1996
Tianjin (Volksrepublik China), seit 1981
Tlemcen (Algerien), seit 1964
Tripolis (Libyen), seit 1976
Venedig (Italien), seit 1994
Wolfsburg (Deutschland), seit 1985
Zagreb (Kroatien), seit 2001
Ein Großteil der Partnerschaften kann als „eingeschlafen“ gelten.

Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur
Stadtansicht von SarajevoDurch den Balkan-Krieg kam die Wirtschaft in Sarajevo zum Erliegen, doch langsam erholt sich der Markt in ganz Bosnien wieder.

Vor 1992 war Sarajevo das Handels- und Industriezentrum von Bosnien und Herzegowina, heute gibt es in der Stadt fast keine aktiven Industriekomplexe mehr. In Sarajevo befindet sich das Automobilwerk "Volkswagen" (Tvornica Automobila Sarajevo), in welchem VW-Fahrzeuge für den südosteuropäischen Markt produziert werden.

Verkehr

Seit 2003 hat Sarajevo auch einen eigenen Autobahnanschluss A1, der die Stadt mit Ilijaš und Visoko verbindet. Ein Ausbau bis Zenica und weiter nach Budapest ist in Planung. Zudem soll eine Stadtautobahn in Sarajevo gebaut werden. Sie soll auf einer Strecke von 2,6 km die Stadtteile Ciglane und Pofalići verbinden. Schon vor den Olympischen Spielen wurden zwei Tunnel (700 m) dafür gebaut, aber wegen Geldproblemen konnte man nicht die ganze Autobahn bauen. Heute wird nur ein Tunnel benutzt. Die Autobahn soll 2008 fertig gestellt werden.

Es gibt tägliche Bahnverbindungen nach Zagreb, Zenica, Budapest, Banja Luka, Doboj, Belgrad, Mostar und Ploče. Die Verbindung nach Budapest wurde im Frühjahr 2002 wieder aufgenommen.

Die Stadt ist über ein gut ausgebautes Netz von Busverbindungen zu erreichen. Busse von Belgrad aus fahren fast ausschließlich in den serbischen Teil der Stadt, Istočno Sarajevo.

Als öffentliche Verkehrsmittel existieren in der Stadt Straßenbahn, Trolleybus, Minibus und Autobus, die vom Verkehrsunternehmen JKP GRAS Sarajevo betrieben werden. Vor dem Bosnienkrieg wurde eine Metro geplant, jedoch nie gebaut.

Flughafen [Bearbeiten]Der internationale Flughafen Sarajevo liegt im Stadtteil Dobrinja. Er verfügt über eine 2.600 m lange Start- und Landebahn und wurde am 2. Juni 1969 eröffnet.

Es gibt 10 tägliche Verbindungen nach München, Kopenhagen, Ljubljana, Wien, Zagreb, Budapest, Mailand, Istanbul und Belgrad. Die Deutsche Lufthansa fliegt seit dem 30. März 1998 Sarajevo von München aus täglich an.

Im Bosnienkrieg wurde der Flughafen in der Nacht vom 4. zum 5. April 1992 von bosnischen Serben besetzt. Im Juni 1992 wurde der Flughafen von der UNPROFOR übernommen. Er wurde im Krieg 1992 - 1995 stark beschädigt. Am 16. August 1996 wurde er wieder für den Zivilverkehr geöffnet. 2001 wurde das neue Terminal eröffnet.

Vom Juni 1992 bis 1996 wurde der Flughafen nur von Militärflugzeugen genutzt. Humanitäre Hilfe für Sarajevo, ausländische Journalisten, Künstler, Politiker, Unterhändler, Diplomaten und Einwohner mit UN Presse- oder UNHCR-Ausweisen wurden hier abgefertigt. Der Flughafenbetrieb hing sehr stark von den politischen Zielen und militärischen Aktivitäten der Belagerer ab. In Wahrheit kontrollierten aber nicht die französischen Blauhelme, sondern die Belagerer den Flughafen. Vor der Fertigstellung des Sarajevo-Tunnels 1993 konnten die Einwohner die belagerte Stadt nur über die Start- und Landebahn verlassen und erreichen. Der Flughafen wurde durch Stacheldraht, Gräben und weiter Hindernisse der UNPROFOR gesichert. Die fliehenden Bewohner mussten nicht nur den Scharfschützen entkommen, sondern auch den weißen UN-Transport- und Patrouillenfahrzeugen, die das Überqueren der Start- und Landebahn verhindern wollten. Die Zahl der Todesopfer und Verletzten auf der Start- und Landebahn wurde täglich im Radio bekanntgegeben. Mehrere Male während der Belagerung organisierte die UNPROFOR Transporte für Zivilisten über die Start- und Landebahn.

Bildung [Bearbeiten] In diesem Artikel oder Abschnitt fehlen wichtige Informationen.
Du kannst Wikipedia helfen, indem du sie recherchierst und einfügst.


UniversitätsgebäudeIn Sarajevo gibt es eine Universität und verschiedene andere Hochschulen sowie die Nationalbibliothek.

Kultur und Sehenswürdigkeiten
Baščaršija-Platz in der AltstadtIn Sarajevo befinden sich mehrere Theater, Museen und Kultureinrichtungen.

NationaltheaterIn der Stadt finden jährlich verschiedene wichtige Kulturveranstaltungen statt: das Sarajevo Film Festival, das Jazz-Festival, "Baščaršijske noći", das Kulturfestival "MESS" und "Sarajevska Zima" (Sarajever Winter).

Sarajevo hat eine sehr schöne, orientalisch geprägte Altstadt (mehrere Moscheen, Baščaršija-Platz (Basar)). Die Altstadt wurde nach dem Krieg wiederaufgebaut.

Bauwerke
Akademie der Künste, früher evangelische KircheGazi-Husrev-Beg-Moschee - 1530-1531 von Baumeister Adzem Esija Ali erbaut
Kaisermoschee - 1566
Alte orthodoxe Kirche - 16. Jahrhundert
Akademie der Bildenden Künste (ehemals Evangelische Kirche) - 19. Jahrhundert
Universitätsgebäude - 19. Jahrhundert
Despića kuća (Despića-Haus, traditionelles Haus einer serbischen Kaufmannsfamilie, heute Museum)
Lateinerbrücke (ehemals Princip-Brücke) - 1798

Nationalbibliothek (Vijećnica) - erbaut im 19. Jahrhundert als Rathaus von Sarajevo, seit 1948 als National- und Universitätsbibliothek genutzt, im Krieg 1992 schwer beschädigt, detailgetreuer Wiederaufbau ist vorgesehen
Nationalmuseum - 19. Jahrhundert
Römisch-katholische Kathedrale - 1889
Orthodoxe Kathedrale - 1882
Stadtmarkthalle "Markale" - 19. Jahrhundert
Sebilj (türkischer Wasserbrunnen)
Skenderija Sportzentrum - 1969
Zetra (Stadthalle)
Hotel "Holiday Inn" - 1983 von Ivan Štraus

UNIS-TürmeUNIS-Türme - 1986 von Ivan Štraus
Das Bosmal City Center ist mit 118 Metern das höchste Hochhaus des Balkans.
Avaz Business Center
Avaz Twist Tower (in Bau, voraussichtliche Fertigstellung 2008) wird mit 172 Metern das höchste Gebäude auf dem Balkan sein

Sport

In Sarajevo wurden die Olympischen Winterspiele 1984 ausgetragen. Sarajevo hatte sich für die Olympischen Winterspiele 2010 beworben, wurde jedoch nicht als Kandidatenstadt berücksichtigt. Im Jahre 2009 wird Sarajevo die Speziellen Olympischen Winterspiele austragen.

In der Stadt gibt es mehrere Fußballvereine. Zu den berühmtesten und beliebtesten gehören FK Sarajevo und Zeljezničar Sarajevo.

Der Basketballverein Košarkaški Klub Bosna Sarajevo gewann die Europameisterschaft 1979.

Vom 26. Februar bis zum 4. März 2006 fanden die 38. EFNS (Europäische Forstliche Nordische Skimeisterschaften) auf der Langlaufloipe (Berg Igman) der Olympischen Winterspiele von 1984 statt. Anwesend war der Hohe Repräsentant Christian Schwarz-Schilling. Teilnehmer: 750 Förster, Waldarbeiter, Waldbesitzer und im Forst Beschäftigte aus Europa.

Persönlichkeiten
Söhne und Töchter der Stadt [Bearbeiten]Ivana Miličević, US-amerikanische Schauspielerin
Tomislav „Tomo“ Miličević, US-amerikanischer Gitarrist
Boris Tadić, Präsident von Serbien
Branko Crvenkovski, Präsident Mazedoniens
Deen, Sänger
Hans Fronius, österreichischer Maler und Illustrator
Vlatko Kucan, Jazzsaxophonist und -klarinettist
Emir Kusturica, Filmregisseur
Alen Škoro, bosnischer Profifußballspieler
Boris Nemšić, österreichischer Manager bosnischer Herkunft
Ivica Osim, Fußballspieler und -trainer
Vladimir Prelog, Chemiker
Goran Bregović, Musiker
Marko Pešić, Basketballspieler, Spieler der deutschen Nationalmannschaft
Mirza Delibašić, Basketballspieler des Košarkaški Klub Bosna Sarajevo
Jasmila Žbanić, Filmregisseurin (gewann den Goldenen Bären 2006)
Zdravko Čolić, Sänger
Neda Ukraden, Sängerin
Ismeta Krvavac, Sängerin
Kemal Monteno, Sänger
Jasna Diklić, Schauspielerin
Ognjen Koroman, Fußballspieler
Dino Merlin (Edin Dervišhalidović), Sänger
Hari Mata Hari (Hajrudin Varešanović), Sänger
Đorđe Novković, Komponist
Boris Novković, Sänger
Jadranka Stojaković, Sängerin
Željko Bebek, Sänger
Abdulah Sidran, Schriftsteller
Pjer Žalica, Regisseur
Elvir Baljić, Fußballer
Džemaludin Mušović, Fußballspieler und -trainer

 

SARAJEVO

Сара́ево (серб. Сарајево, бос. Sàrajevo) — столица Боснии и Герцеговины, основанная в 1244 г. и до 1507 г. назывался Брхбосна. Сараево — индустриальный и культурный центр страны. Здесь находятся многочисленные промышленные предприятия, а также Академия наук искусства, Музей Боснии и Герцеговины, университет и художественная галерея. По данным переписи 1991 года, численность населения составляла 429672; по сегодняшним оценкам, около 800000 (2006). Расположен на высоте 500 м над уровнем моря.

География и Климат

[править] География
Сараево расположен в центральной части Боснии и Герцеговины и в пределах исторической области Боснии. Город находится в Сараевской долине, посреди Динарских Альп. Долина когда-то представлявшая собой обширное пространство растительности, уступила городскому расширению и развитию в период после Второй мировой войны. Город окружен холмами, густо заросшие деревьями и пятью горами. Самая высокая это Трескавика (2,088 метров), затем Белашница (2,067 метров), Яхорина (1,913 метров), Требевич (1,627 метров), и самая низкая Игман (1,502 метра). Последние четыре также известны как Олимпийские горы в Сараево (см. также 14 зимние Олимпийских Игры в Сараево). Сараево расположен в среднем на 500 метров выше уровня моря. Ландшафт города также имеет холмистый характер, о котором свидетельствуют многочисленные круто наклонные улицы и жилые постройки расположенные на склонах холмов.

Река Миляцка - одна из главных географических особенностей города. Она протекает через город с востока через центр Сараево к западной части города, где в конечном счете встречается с рекой Боснии. Река Миляцка ещё называемая как "Сараевская Река" начинает свой исток в городе Пале, расположенный в нескольких километрах восточнее Сараева. Источник Боснии берёт своё начало в Врело Босне (западный Сараево), являющийся известным естественным ориентиром и популярным местом отдыха для жителей Сараева и туристов. Через город и его предместья также протекают несколько небольших рек и ручьёв.

Климат
Сараево находится в умеренном континентальном климате. Средняя годовая температура -9.5 °C, январь (в среднем -1.3 °C) самый холодный месяц года а июль (в среднем 19.1 °C) самый теплый. Самая высокая зарегистрированная температура была 40.0 °C 19 августа 1946 г., в то время как самая низкая зарегистрированная температура была 29.2 °C 22 января 1963 года. В среднем в Сараево 68 солнечных дней в году (температура больше или равная 30.0 °C). В город в средним в году 59 % облачных дней. Самый облачный месяц - декабрь (в среднем 75% облачных дней), в то время как самый ясный - август (37 %). Умеренные осадки выпадают в течение всего года (в средним 170 дождливых дней). Подходящие климатические условия способствовают развитию зимних видов спорта в регионе, и примером этого развития служат Зимние Олимпийские Игры в 1984 году которые проводились в Сараево.

 

История
Город был основан в 1263 и получил название «Bosnovar» (по-сербски Врхбосна). В 1429—1878 находился в составе Османской империи, был переименован в Босна-Сарай, а затем — в Сарай-Ова. В 1850 в город была перенесена резиденция наместника султана. В 1878—1918 находился в составе Австро-Венгрии. 28 июня 1914 в Сараево членами Млада Босна был убит наследник австрийского престола эрцгерцог Франц Фердинанд (который прибыл наблюдать за военными маневрами). Убийство послужило поводом для начала Первой мировой войны.

Сараево после боёв. 1996 г.В 1992—1995 годах во время гражданской войны в Боснии город был осаждён силами боснийских сербов. Осада Сараево широко освещалась международными средствами массовой информации и стала одним из самых значительных событий войны.

Экономика
Сараево — один из экономически наиболее развитых регионов Боснии и Герцеговины. Экономика Сараево основана на промышленности и туризме. В Сараево работают предприятия пищевой, текстильной, автомобильной, фармацевтической и металлообрабатывающей отраслей.

В Сараево расположен центральный банк Боснии и Герцеговины и центральные офисы коммерческих банков. В городе базируются крупнейшие компании страны: BH Airlines, BH Telecom, Bosmal, Bosnalijek, CBS Bank, Dnevni Avaz, Energopetrol, Oslobodenje, Fabrika Duhana Sarajevo, Sarajevska Pivara и Unioninvest. Также в Сараево размещены представительства зарубежных компаний: Škoda Auto, Coca Cola и других.

Центр Сараево ночью.
Транспорт
Местоположение Сараево в долине между горами делает его весьма небольшим и компактным городом. Узкие городские улицы и нехватка стоянок ограничивают автомобильное движение, но даёт возможность более свободному передвижению пешеходам и велосипедистам. Две главные улицы - улица Титова (Улица Маршала Тито) и шоссе Цмаж од Босне (Дракон Боснии). Трансъевропейская магистраль (5C) проходит через Сараево, соединяя его с Будапештом с севера и Плоче с юга. Электротрамваи действуют с 1885 года и является самым старым общественным транспортом в городе. Всего имеются семь линий трамвайного пути, а так же пять линий троллейбуса и многочисленные автобусные маршруты. Главная железнодорожная станция в Сараево расположена в северной-центральной области города. Оттуда железнодорожные пути идут на запад перед разветвлением в других направлениях, включая промышленные зоны в городе. В настоящее время инфраструктура Сараево находится в стадии восстановления; многие шоссе и улицы повторно прокладываются, система трамвайного транспорта подвергается модернизации, и новые мосты и дороги находятся в стадии строительства. Сараевский Международный Аэропорт (SJJ), также называемый как Бутмир, расположен в несколько километров к юго-западу от города. В течение войны аэропорт использовался для полетов ООН и гуманитарной помощи. Начиная с Дейтонское соглашения в 1996, аэропорт был открыт для коммерческих полётов. В 2006, Сараевский аэропорт принял 534 000 пассажиров, тогда как только в 1996 году пассажирооборот был всего 25 000 человек.

Образование
Высшие учебные учреждения города Сараево имеют долгую историю. Первый учреждение которое может быть так квалифицировано, была школа философии Суфизма основанная Гази Хусревом в 1531 году; по прошествии длительного времени были открыты другие многочисленные религиозные школы. В 1887 году, во время Австро-Венгерской Империи, школа Шариата перешла на пятилетний курс обучения. В 1940-х Университет Сараево стал первым светским институтом высшего образования в городе. В 1950-х стала доступна степень дипломированного специалиста. В то время как сильно разрушенный во время войны, он был восстановлен в сотрудничестве с больше чем 40 другими университетами. На 2005 год в Сараеве есть 46 начальных школ (1-9 классы) и 33 средних школы (10-13 классы), включая три школы для детей с ограниченными возможностями.

preuzeto sa wikipedia.org

 

 

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